A thermostat is a component which senses the temperature of a physical system and performs actions so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint by controlling the supply of gas or electricity to the heating or cooling system. Thermostats are used in any device or system that heats or cools to a setpoint temperature. A thermostat operates as a "closed loop" control device, as it seeks to reduce the error between the desired and measured temperatures. Sometimes a thermostat combines both the sensing and control action elements of a controlled system.
A thermostat exerts control by switching heating or cooling devices on or off, or by regulating the flow of a heat transfer fluid as needed to maintain the correct temperature. A thermostat can often be the main control unit for a heating or cooling system including central heating, air conditioners, as well as kitchen equipment including ovens and refrigerators.
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, steam, liquids, fluidized solids or slurries) by opening, closing or partially obstructing various passageways. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.
Valves may be operated manually, either by a handle, lever, pedal or wheel. Valves may also be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature or flow. These changes may act upon a diaphragm or a piston which in turn activates the valve. More complex control systems using valves requiring automatic control based on an external input (i.e., regulating flow through a pipe to a changing set point) require an actuator. They can be electromechanical actuators such as an electric motor or solenoid, pneumatic actuators which are controlled by air pressure or hydraulic actuators which are controlled by the pressure of a liquid such as oil or water. An actuator will stroke the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the valve to be positioned accurately and allowing control over a variety of requirements.
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